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The crunchy texture of the seeds has been likened to the woodiness of cracked black pepper, with its gingerols leaving a slightly numbing piquancy in the . The rubber industry, specifically the Firestone Company, dominated the economy. Liberia: Age. "Black imperialism: Americo-Liberian rule over the African peoples of Liberia, 1841-1964. Liberia's economy experienced strong growth in 2021. In December 1821, they acquired Cape Mesurado, a 36-mile-long (58km) strip of land near present-day Monrovia, from the indigenous ruler King Peter (perhaps with some threat of force). Smaller groups are the Kru, Lorma, Kissi, Gola, Gbandi, Vai, Krahn, Mende, Mandingo, Dei, and Belleh". [36] From the late 19th century, European powers, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, invested in infrastructure in their African colonies, making them more competitive in terms of getting products to market, improving communications, etc. History of Liberia - Wikipedia In the late 1980s, as fiscal austerity took hold in the United States and the perceived threat of Communism declined with the waning of the Cold War, the U.S. became disenchanted with Doe's government and began cutting off critical foreign aid to Liberia. The Golas brought the practice of agriculture to the area about that time. The desire to perpetuate the existence of the corporate body became a factor. As land was the collective property of humanity and the ethnic groups did not see themselves as immigrants but indigenous Ancestral Baa Jiwa agreed and the Gola were granted permission to settle in an unoccupied land. Dr. Harley was also amused by the Mano culture mask ceremony. By the middle of the 18th century, thousands of acres in the Georgia and South Carolina Lowcountry and the Sea Islands were developed as African rice fields. Days passed and warrior Gbao didnt return with the salt. His most important domestic rival by early 1998 was Roosevelt Johnson, a Krahn leader and former commander of the ULIMO. While making his Statement at the Senate Confirmation Hearing, the former Executive Governor of the Central Bank of Liberia, Mr. Nathaniel Patray, said that LD16 billion (sixteen billion Liberian dollars were imported by the GOL into Liberia between 2016 and 2018, but by July 2018, LD15, 242,000,000 (fifteen billion, two hundred and forty-two . "[51], Joined by Liberian Muslim Women's Organization,[52] Christian and Muslim women joined forces to create Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace. HISTORY CH.11 Flashcards | Quizlet "[23], Emigrants to Liberia suffered the highest mortality rate of any country since modern record-keeping began. [65], Following the 2017 Liberian general election, former professional football striker George Weah, considered one of the greatest African players of all time,[66][67] was sworn in as president on January 22, 2018, becoming the fourth youngest serving president in Africa. The Gola and other ethnic groups resisted, which led to what is known as the Kumba wars. As they constituted the country's largest investors and trading partners, Liberia suffered economically as a result. Saddened by the news of their warriors death their stand was to settle in Goije region. [33], During World War II, thousands of indigenous Liberians migrated from the nation's rural interior to the coastal regions in search of jobs. Government revenue rose enormously, but was being grossly embezzled by government officials. They staged silent nonviolence protests and forced a meeting with President Charles Taylor and extracted a promise from him to attend peace talks in Ghana.[53]. Gola in Ghana: In Ancient Ghana the Gola were dominant in the field of Judiciary and land surveying. Liberia again became an important Cold War ally of the United States. "[9] However, Cuffe died in 1817, and with him his project. In most cases when new land was acquired by the empire, a Gola person was sent to establish the seat of justice in the new territory. Some ULIMO forces reformed themselves as the Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), backed by the government of neighbouring Guinea. [25] Garrison pointed out that the number of free people of color who actually resettled in Liberia was minute in comparison to the number of slaves in the United States. Most of them had lived in the United States for generations, and while they wanted better treatment, they did not want to leave. [18], Free people of color in the United States, with a few notable exceptions, overwhelmingly rejected the idea of moving to Liberia, or anywhere else in Africa, from the very beginning of the movement. +p[a%9f*Ax+WH|&>q1$t~qRc(%//Vqj}~|OsL7C$J+'piagt#[{aYz'jKSTkh'ZVC(fq# M>-/wq"!:(Q kK3bD_VVwB_JFwmCrk jmWo^Z?yU8~wV 27hnJv:g_=i;P^72Xk1%jZQ9,Tul$o;dyVPelf0;XpRd5-\UObx_#~WZql=Wj NF7+%zMrmYwge}Kh|i'A9Sl.oaVZ?+Be5FjD{itih#5OdS,ooP,m=N*VYi[~3lczCpj[.#GUHkv:?3(R6 nu "urc&ut?r^gE;3q I7lDEC,,r\pCcGCx :;3q3#4c_]8}, X6Q:NX1YP,JH#MGg6)N"a}wlp) l Vice-President Moses Blah replaced Taylor as interim-President. In August 1981, he had Thomas Weh Syen and four other PRC members arrested and executed for allegedly conspiring against him. After a bloody overthrow of the Americo-Liberian rgime by indigenous Liberians in 1980, a 'Redemption Council' took control of Liberia. Liberia is Africa's oldest republic, but it became known in the 1990s for its long-running, ruinous civil war and its role in a rebellion in neighbouring Sierra Leone. There was a rebellion in 1999 by another rebel group in northern Liberia sparking the Second Liberian Civil War. Nevertheless, he still faced a few remaining opponents in the country, mostly former warlords of the First Liberian Civil War who had kept part of their forces to protect themselves from Taylor. The American administration of the border police stabilized the frontier with Sierra Leone (then part of the British Empire), and checked French ambitions to annex more Liberian territory. In light of the progress made, President Bryant requested an end to the UN embargo on Liberian diamonds (since March 2001) and timber (since May 2003), but the Security Council postponed such a move until the peace was more secure. He further justified his support for the election results with the claim that, in any case, all African elections were known to be rigged at that time. 1 0 obj<> endobj 2 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 3 0 obj<>stream Tolbert was killed during the coup, and several of his ministers were executed soon afterwards, marking the end of Americo-Liberian domination of the country. Taylor insisted that he would resign only if American peacekeeping troops were deployed to Liberia. In March 1994, the Interim Government of Amos Sawyer was succeeded by a Council of State of six members headed by David D. Kpormakpor. Although Roye was deposed after two years and the Republicans returned to government, the Whigs regained power in 1878 and maintained power constantly thereafter for over a century. [12], Starting in January 1820, the ACS sent ships from New York to West Africa. The rebound was driven by improved external demand, higher prices for Liberia's main exports, and the resumption of normal domestic activity. Liberia is ranked. Although founded . [68] The inauguration marked Liberia's first fully democratic transition in 74 years. [23]:13,15, The ACS was made up of a combination of abolitionists who wanted to end slaveryit was easier to get slaves freed if they agreed to go to Liberiaand slaveholders who wanted to get rid of free people of color. Thousands of Gio and Mano joined them, Liberians of other ethnic background as well. Many were of mixed race, including European ancestry. In March 2007, former Interim President Bryant was arrested and charged with having embezzled government funds while in office. Milestones: 1830-1860 - Office of the Historian [24] Henry Clay, one of the founders of the group, had inherited slaves as a young child, but adopted antislavery views in the 1790s under the influence of his mentor, George Wythe. Equally so, one of the Gola leaders named Ngola was the founding father of Guinea Bissau in 1831. Growing economic disparities caused increased hostility between indigenous groups and Americo-Liberians. The United States had a long history of intervening in Liberia's internal affairs, and had repeatedly sent naval vessels to help suppress insurrections by indigenous tribes before and after independence (in 1821, 1843, 1876, 1910, and 1915). Furthermore, history tells us that as early as the 1300s the Gola left ancient Ghana and migrated to what is known today as Ivory Coast and started to settle there and beyond. Present Day Liberia Research Paper - 1643 Words | Cram banned high Liberian Government members from travel to UN-states. The Mano ethnic group occupy the northeastern part of Liberia known as Nimba County and some parts of modern day Guinea , in the forest section of that republic. [1][2] Of the 4,571 emigrants who arrived in Liberia between 1820 and 1843, only 1,819 survived (39.8%). 1980: End of Americo-Liberian rule Liberia began to change during the 1970s. Meanwhile, the United Nations Security Council in March 2001 (Resolution 1343)[49] concluded that Liberia and Charles Taylor played roles in the civil war in Sierra Leone, and therefore: By the beginning of 2002, Sierra Leone and Guinea were supporting the LURD, while Taylor was supporting opposition factions in both countries. What was Liberia called before Liberia? - Answers The Americo-Liberians consolidated power amongst themselves. In other words, Angola is coined from the name of King Ngola, the rule of Ndongo Kingdom. Although Weah was still threatening to take his claims to the Supreme Court if no evidence of fraud was found, Johnson-Sirleaf was declared winner on November 23, 2005, and took office on January 16, 2006; becoming the first African woman to do so. Popular support for Doe's government evaporated. U.S. Policy | PBS", "eymah_gbowee_peace_warrior_for_liberia 2009", "Nigeria Readies Peace Force for Liberia; Battles Go On", Human Rights in Liberias Rubber Plantations: Tapping into the Future, "Liberia's Supreme Court endorses ex-leader's trial", "Sirleaf seen winning Liberia run-off vote", "From Football King To Liberian President George Weah's Journey", "Top 10 youngest serving presidents in Africa, 2018", "George Weah sworn in as Liberia's president", The Struggle for the Recognition of Haiti and Liberia as Independent Republics. Fighting initially continued in parts of the country, and tensions between the factions did not immediately vanish. Meanwhile, U.S. stationed a Marine Expeditionary Unit with 2300 Marines offshore Liberia. Lebanese in Africa: A look at 30 family dynasties - The Africa Report.com Democracy was not a high priority, as the 15,000 Americo-Liberians had full control over the approximately 750,000 locals. The Mande are located in the northwest and central regions of Liberia and also in Senegal, Mali, Guinea, and Sierra Leone. [60] In May 2006, the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) released a report: Human Rights in Liberias Rubber Plantations: Tapping into the Future, which detailed the results of its investigation into the conditions on the Firestone plantation in Liberia.[61]. In October 1994, the UN reduced its number of UNOMIL observers to about 90 because of the lack of will of combatants to honour peace agreements. By the middle of 1990, Taylor controlled much of the country, and by June laid siege to Monrovia. Nine political parties sought to challenge Doe's National Democratic Party of Liberia (NDPL), but only three were allowed to take part. [1][2] Of the 4,571 emigrants who arrived in Liberia from 1820 to 1842, only 1,819 survived until 1843. [56]. Liberia was now engaged in a complex three-way conflict with Sierra Leone and the Republic of Guinea. Thereafter, a new Dei-gola culture developed, which was based on agriculture, and people built large towns that were renamed Bola. Under Doe, Liberian ports were opened to American, Canadian, and European merchant ships, which brought in considerable foreign investment from shipping firms and earned Liberia a reputation as a tax haven. The ACS, Garrison declared, was "a creature without heart, without brains, eyeless, unnatural, hypocritical, relentless and unjust. 1965. pp 569-591, violent overthrow of the Americo-Liberian regime that year, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia, Economic Community of West African States, Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group, United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy, United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia, Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy, "Extreme mortality in nineteenth-century Africa: the case of Liberian immigrants", "A quantitative analysis of Liberian colonization from 1820 to 1843 with special reference to mortality", "Paul Cuffee and the First Back-to-Africa Effort | African American History Blog | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross", "Averting a Crisis: The Proslavery Critique of the American Colonization Society", "Global Impacts of White Racism: Americo-Liberians", "Global Connections . Concurrently, Firestone had arranged a $5 million private loan to Liberia. He was a master sergeant in the Liberian army, and had trained with the U.S. Army Special Forces. Samuel Kanyon Doe (19511990) was a member of the Krahn, a small ethnic group. On October 1, 2003, UNMIL took over the peacekeeping duties from ECOWAS. Liberia country profile - BBC News In 2003, a delegation of Liberian women went to Ghana to continue to apply pressure on the warring factions during the peace process. 4, page 378, (Oct., 1917). After every report of disaster in Liberia the managers simply renewed their efforts. [40], Ensuring American support for Liberian independence, prosperity, and reform was among the high priorities of United States President, William Howard Taft. [55] The same day, Taylor returned to Liberia. The first ship of the American Colonization Society, the Elizabeth, departed New York on February 6, 1820, for West Africa carrying 86 settlers. The United States Navy established a coaling station in Liberia. Mid-1990, a war was raging between Krahn on one side, and Gio and Mano on the other. He narrated that the tribe migrated from Sudan and settled in the Mali empire and subsequently to the republic of Guinea where they formed a Kingdom in the Youmou area. While he was at the ECOMOG headquarters, he was attacked by INPFL, taken to the INPFL's Caldwell base, tortured, and killed. A Brief History of the African Country of Liberia - ThoughtCo Furthermore, Liberia allowed the U.S. to use its territory as a bridgehead for transports of soldiers and war supplies, in addition to the construction of military bases, airports, the Freeport of Monrovia, roads to the interior, etc. [41], Liberia remained neutral for most of World War I. The first successful kingdom established by the Gola was called Komgba, with Zui as its capital or seat of conscious. October 14, 2003, Blah handed power to Gyude Bryant. The country's huge iron ore deposits were made accessible to commerce. His ashes were flown to Ganta to be buried near the mission station having spent over 35 years in Ganta. Many welcomed Doe's takeover, since the majority of the population had always been excluded from power. Liberia Overview: Development news, research, data | World Bank [57] Also in July, American President Bush stated twice that Taylor must leave Liberia. [62][63], In 2014 an Ebola virus disease epidemic struck West Africa (see Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa), and spread to Liberia in early 2014. In November 1990, ECOWAS agreed with some principal Liberian players, but without Charles Taylor, on an Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU) under President Dr. Amos Sawyer. As Christianity spread to Northern Liberia during the 19th century, many Mano abandoned their traditional practices and took to western religious groups such as the Methodist and Catholic churches. were incorporated into Liberia, and the fifth[clarification needed] was destroyed by indigenous people. endstream endobj 4 0 obj<> endobj 5 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 6 0 obj<>stream They named the area Costa da Pimenta (Pepper Coast), or Grain Coast, because of the abundance of melegueta pepper, which became desired in European cooking. Like many Americans of the period, the Americo-Liberians held a firm belief in the religious superiority of Christianity, and indigenous animism and culture became systematically oppressed. He escaped from jail the following year and probably fled to Libya. [citation needed], From 1962 until 1980, the U.S. donated $280 million in aid to Liberia, in exchange for which Liberia offered its land rent-free for American government facilities. After World War II, the U.S. pressured Liberia to resist the expansion of Soviet influence in Africa during the Cold War. President Charles Taylor had fortified his power over Liberia, mostly by purging the security forces of opponents, killing opposition figures, and raising new paramilitary units that were loyal only to him or his most trusted officers. [34], The social tensions led President Tubman to enfranchise the indigenous Liberians either in 1951 or 1963 (accounts differ). However, the United States had lost interest in Liberia after 1876 (the end of Reconstruction), and the country instead became closely tied to British capital. In September 1995, Kpormakpors Council of State was succeeded by one under the civilian Wilton G. S. Sankawulo and with the factional heads Charles Taylor, Alhaji Kromah, and George Boley in it. A draft constitution providing for a multiparty republic had been issued in 1983 and was approved by referendum in 1984. The Bassa ethnic group is also found in the neighboring countries of Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone. On September 9, President Doe paid a visit to the barely established headquarters of ECOMOG in the Free Port of Monrovia. Doe became paranoid about the possibility of a counter-coup, and his government grew increasingly corrupt and repressive, banning all political opposition, shutting down newspapers, and jailing reporters. With the establishment of one of Liberias oldest kingdoms, the Gola warrior Gbao decided to find salt for his people, a journey that took him farther into a mishap. The group that went south eastern of the Congo Kingdom by the Cuanza River erected the Ndongo Kingdom under the leadership of Ngola, meaning King or leader. Historians provide the evidence that present-day Angola, the corrupt name for the powerful kingdom of Ngola has been inhabited since pre-historic epoch and at the time of the Portuguese arrival in 1492. Some abolitionists, including distinguished blacks such as ship builder Paul Cuffe or Cuffee, believed that blacks should return to "the African homeland", as if it were one ethnicity and country, despite many having been in the United States for generations. In August 1995, the factions signed an agreement largely brokered by Jerry Rawlings, Ghanaian President; Charles Taylor agreed. (See Black Nova Scotians.) 46 (1). 1985. The first colony on Cape Mesurado was extended along the coast as well as inland, sometimes by use of force against the native tribes. This soon rose to $95 million per annum. In 1926, the Liberian government granted a concession to Firestone, an American rubber company, that allowed the company to establish the world's largest rubber plantation at Harbel, Liberia. In August 1996, a new ceasefire was reached in Abuja, Nigeria. Some Liberian northerners fled brutal treatment from the Liberian army into the Ivory Coast. The Mano have two traditional schools: the poro for men and the sande for women. In August 1990, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), an organisation of West African states, created a military intervention force called the Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) composed of 4,000 troops, to restore order. The former slaves and other free blacks suffered considerable social and legal discrimination; they were not citizens and were seen by many as unwanted foreigners who were taking jobs away from whites by working for less. 6M The Republic of Liberia is a country located on the West African coast. Charles Taylor, born 1948 in Arthington, Liberia, is son of a Gola mother and either an Americo-Liberian or an Afro-Trinidadian father. Stanley Delano Quaye has done research in anthropology and the political structure of the Mano and Gio tribes. In 1999, they emerged in northern Liberia, and in April 2000 they started fighting in Lofa County in northernmost Liberia. Liberia retained its independence throughout the Scramble for Africa by European colonial powers during the late 19th century, while remaining in the American sphere of influence. [28], Politically, Liberia was dominated by two political parties. At the same time, slaveholders in the South opposed having free blacks in their states, as they believed the free people threatened the stability of their slave societies. In the Congo, the Gola became a part of the proto-Bantu family and later splintered in two groups: Cameroon and Angola. Kanda Dazujuaha powerful Ngola or Ruler of the Gola people arrived in present-day Liberia between the 1200s to 1300s A.D. and established a . The mano alongside their Gio (Dan) brothers descend from the Mand peoples. [30] From the first presidential election in 1847, the Liberian Party held political dominance. Both NPFL and INPFL continued their siege of Monrovia. Liberia protected important U.S. facilities and investments in Africa, and countered the threatened spread of Soviet influence in the continent. Doe retaliated against tribes such as the Gio (or Dan) and Mano in the north, where most of the coup plotters had come from. In the 1970s under president Tolbert, Liberia strove for a more non-aligned and independent posture, and established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union, China, Cuba and Eastern bloc countries. Melegueta Pepper / Grains of Paradise | Silk Routes [44] Arguments substantiating this notion are that World War II infrastructure developments did not positively affect social and political struggles in Liberia, and that decades after the development from World War II, Americo-Liberians disproportionately controlled and benefited from Liberia's growing economy and increase in foreign investment.[45]. from around the Nile and Lake Chad. The present-day Republic of Liberia occupies 43,000 square miles (slightly more than Tennessee) in West Africa. [citation needed]. By the 1930s, Liberia became virtually bankrupt once again. 7.8% Public Debt: 53.2% Liberia's economic freedom score is 49.6, making its economy the 150th freest in the 2023 Index. Global Connections . Liberia . History | PBS The second round of elections took place on November 8, 2005. UTA History: The Connections of UTA to Todee District, An Abridge History of UTA Connections to Todee District, Liberia, Brief History of Some Notable Schools in Todee District, History, Migrations and Kingdom of the Kpelle, History and Migration of the Gola Ethnic Group. During the meeting Da Hondo who led a group broke words that they needed a land. Doe closed the Libyan mission in Monrovia and severed diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Global Connections . Liberia . Timeline | PBS On both sides, thousands of civilians were massacred. On 22 September 1993, the United Nations established the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia (UNOMIL) to support ECOMOG in implementing the Cotonou agreement. Black Encounters, Identity, Plurality, and Stratification in Liberia 160 Migrants and the Transformation of Liberia 163 The Settlement of African Ethnicities 170 "A Place for the Despised Children of Ham" 174 Re-captives in Liberia 183 The Insertion of Barbadians into Liberian Life 189 Settlements and Social Plurality in Liberia 201 . The United States played a significant role in training the Liberian army, known as the Liberian Frontier Force, with the assistance of African-American officers from the United States Army. Towards a Political Economy of Liberia - JSTOR [citation needed] For over a century the indigenous population of the country was denied the right to vote or participate significantly in the running of the country. However, Weah alleged electoral fraud, despite international observers declaring the election to be free and fair. By mid-2003, LURD controlled the northern third of the country and was threatening the capital, MODEL was active in the south, and Taylor's government controlled only a third of the country: Monrovia and central Liberia. Undertaking Emergency Projects in Todee district/Liberia! The American military presence boosted the Liberian economy; thousands of laborers descended from the interior to the coastal region. They remained African Americans in their education, religion, and culture, and they treated the natives as White Americans had treated them: as savages from the jungle, unwanted as citizens and not deserving the vote. Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf (84 years old) 1938-10-29 President of Liberia (2006-2018) and the first elected female head of state in Africa, born in Monrovia, Liberia 1948-01-28 Charles Taylor, President of Liberia (1997-2003), warlord and convicted war criminal, born in Arthington, Liberia 1951-05-06 Samuel Doe, President of Liberia (d. 1990) In 1824 the territory was named Liberia, and its main settlement was named Monrovia, which is the present-day capital. [38] Throughout the 1970s, the price of rubber in the world commodities market was depressed, which put pressure on Liberian state finances. This group of individuals, comprising less than 3 percent of the population, maintained economic, social, and political control of the country until a coup d'etat in 1980. Liberia is a country in West Africa founded by free people of color from the United States. [29], In 1869, however, the Whigs won the presidential election under Edward James Roye. Both the general election and runoff were marked by peace and order, with thousands of Liberians waiting patiently in the Liberian heat to cast their ballots. Faction leaders agreed to the Akosombo peace agreement in Ghana but with little consequence. [29] The Liberian Party (later the Republican Party), was supported primarily by mixed-race African Americans from poorer backgrounds, while the True Whig Party received much of its following from richer blacks. [26] In 1862, however, following the departure of most Southern congressmen due to the American Civil War and the secession of the Southern states, the United States finally established diplomatic relations and welcomed a Liberian delegation to Washington. 31 March. Some of these ethnic groups included the Gbandi, Lorma, Mende and Mandingo. Tolbert ordered his troops to fire on the demonstrators, and seventy people were killed. ", Rosenberg, Emily S. "The Invisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism, 190940. [50] They organized the Women in Peacebuilding Network (WIPNET), and issued a statement of intent: "In the past we were silent, but after being killed, raped, dehumanized, and infected with diseases, and watching our children and families destroyed, war has taught us that the future lies in saying NO to violence and YES to peace! On March 7, 2003, the war tribunal Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) decided to summon Charles Taylor and charge him with war crimes and crimes against humanity, but they kept this decision and this charge secret until June that year. [12] On July 26, 1847, Liberia declared itself a (free) sovereign nation. The uprising raises fears among American slaveholders of a similar rebellion in America,. Mano is an ethnic group of Liberia. History of Liberia: a Timeline, from Library of Congress, Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party, Newspaper clippings about Firestone concession, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Liberia&oldid=1151689301, Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Liberian English, Articles needing additional references from February 2023, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Articles with failed verification from January 2016, Articles needing additional references from February 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Department of State Background Notes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, banned all arms sales to, and diamonds sales from Liberia; and.