[2]:173, Margaret Wertheim profiled many "outsider scientists" in her book Physics on the Fringe, who receive little or no attention from professional scientists. One study indicated that over 100 manuscripts of the book still exist, with the oldest from the 11th century. The Donora smog is one of the most deadly air pollution disasters in US history. A conjecture that has not received critical review from the scientific community or that has been rejected may be included in an article about a scientific subject only if other high-quality reliable sources discuss it as an alternative position. Specifically theories that didn't start out as a scientific/STEM discovery. How to Spot Pseudoscience Online and IRL | Discover Magazine But is all of this true? In an article on a fringe topic, if a notable fringe theory is primarily described by amateurs and self-published texts, verifiable and reliable criticism of the fringe theory need not be published in a peer reviewed journal. Lazcano is suspected of killing hundreds of people and used torture to spread fear over the populace. The complicated relationship between the level of acceptance of an idea and its notability is explored below. Harold Brooks-Baker was an Anglo-American journalist who became famous for his books on the genealogy of the British Royal family. Likewise, an alleged speech by Stalin supposedly indicates that he hoped that Germanys war with Britain and France would leave the three countries exhausted, consequently making them easy pickings for the Soviets. In 2002, the Franklin Prophecy was mentioned by Osama Bin Laden in his Letter to the American People. Many aspects of the theory point to a clear forgery and hoax. According to Fomenko, Jesus Christ Himself lived during this period, and it was His death that sparked the Crusades. Such examples of this are the existence of Troy,[5][6] the Norse colonization of the Americas, and the Big Bang Theory.[7]. His suggested methods include impeccable accuracy, checking cited sources, not overstating orthodox science, thorough understanding of the Wegener continental drift example, examples of orthodox science investigating radical proposals, and prepared examples of errors from fringe scientists. inquiry in an established field of study which departs significantly from mainstream theories in that field and is considered to be questionable by the mainstream. Believers claim that radiation from the plant has spread around the world and is causing negative health concerns and that Fukushima is not experiencing some leaks, but the disaster is an ongoing event like never witnessed before, which might continue for hundreds of years. Fringe views are properly excluded from articles on mainstream subjects to the extent that they are rarely if ever included by reliable sources on those subjects. The government officially reported that the smog was caused by a rare temperature inversion that caused sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide, fluorine, and other poisonous gases to build to dangerous levels. For example, if the only references to a particular subject are in news sources, then a level of detail which is greater than that which appears in these news sources is inappropriate, because Wikipedia policy prohibits original research. One example is Mosess Exodus, which later became Muhammads flight from Mecca. The documentary concludes that certain US presidential candidates have been selected and promoted to win elections, while others are threatened, accosted, and ignored by the media. One of the primary tenets of the theory is that the British Royal Family is directly descended from King David. The idea runs parallel with the fringe theory that the term conspiracy theory was invented by the CIA to discredit people who question media accounts of important events. Lets hope North Korea doesnt figure out the whole nuclear weapon thing. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Antecedents from the 1930s Scientists must evaluate the plausibility of each new fringe claim, and certain fringe discoveries "will later graduate into the ranks of accepted" while others "will never receive confirmation". Articles about hypotheses that have a substantial following but which critics describe as pseudoscience, may note those critics' views; however, such hypotheses should not be described as unambiguously pseudoscientific if a reasonable amount of academic debate still exists. After the story made headlines, the girl said that she wasnt surprised by the connection because the people seemed to have a common trait of wanting power. He was scheduled to travel to Russia two days after his death. Criticisms of fringe theories should be reported on relative to the visibility, notability, and reliability of the sources that do the criticizing. In the film, Al Gore can be seen being taught how to avoid questions on abortion and Pat Robertson makes derogatory comments about gay people. They also point out similarities between the customs and ceremonies of the Jewish and Shinto religions. Fringe science is a branch of science that departs from the established scientific theories. If youve read the story about Jesuss tomb being in Japanor about the crazy cult that believes that the ancient Japanese taught the Jews to speak Hebrewthen you probably know where this is going. Brooks-Baker also claimed that Queen Elizabeth is related to the Prophet Mohammed. The no original research policy strongly encourages the collection and organization of information from existing secondary sources, and allows for careful use of primary sources. Conspiracy theories aren't just for conservatives It was initially reported that Todashev was killed while alone with the FBI agent. Statements about the truth of a theory must be based upon independent reliable sources. Specifically theories that didn't start out as a scientific/STEM discovery. In addition, there is an approximate demarcation between pseudoscience and questionable science, and they merit careful treatment. Some scholars have suggested the book was put together no earlier than the sixth century, while the earliest mention of the book is thought to have come from the year 826. In the end, the media failed to report on his success and Agran failed to get recognized. So if Muhammad never really existed, who had invented him, and why? What can we reasonably expect from ageing research? Critics of the theory say that the odds of being related to a member of the British Royal Family are extremely high. In other words, its the attempt to create human-robot hybrids which, as we know from EVERY MOVIE EVER MADE ON THE SUBJECT, never ends well. Further elaborating the continuous magnetization model of uniaxial permanent magnets and magnetic actuation principles at the high fields (28-31), in this study, we present a canvas of UHF magnetic guidewire steering strategies in the MRI scanner ().By challenging the common assumption that the magnetic objects are fully aligned with the ultrahigh MRI main field (8, 27), we observed that the . Other considerations for notability should be considered as well. Superseded theories in science - Wikipedia The 10 Most Fascinating (And Terrifying) Fringe Sciences By All That's Interesting | Edited By Savannah Cox Published July 25, 2014 Updated April 5, 2018 Relativity Einstein is responsible for this one. This list catalogs well-accepted theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history which have since been superseded by scientific theories.Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available data. To back up this claim, proponents state that the narrative of ancient Japanese history essentially mirrors the Jewish one. Alternative theoretical formulations from within the scientific community are not pseudoscience, but part of the scientific process. A study published in April 2013 suggested that nuclear fallout from Fukushima has caused significant elevated rates of congenital thyroid illness in infants born on the West Coast of the US and Hawaii. The negative information around Fukushima has caused people in Japan, Canada, and the United States to call for a monitoring system that will track air pollution and seafood quality on a weekly basis. [2] :58 [3] The general public has difficulty distinguishing . Fringe theories may be excluded from articles about scientific topics when the scientific community has ignored the ideas. They allege that the Soviets had prepared a massive invasion force, ready to strike Nazi Germany first. Fringe theories and related articles have been the subject of several arbitration cases. Be careful not to use in-text attribution carelessly to imply that only the named sources would agree. Weve covered Gilles de Raiss horrific crimes too many times already. Notable perspectives which are primarily non-scientific in nature but which contain claims concerning scientific phenomena should not be treated exclusively as scientific theory and handled on that basis. Fringe (srie tlvise) Wikipdia Eventually, this custom led to even more complex and intertwined relationshipsessentially the forerunner of todays society. [2]:172 One example of such is plate tectonics, an idea which had its origin in the fringe science of continental drift and was rejected for decades. For example, the lack of peer-reviewed criticism of creation science should not be used as a justification for marginalizing or removing scientific criticism of creation science, since creation science itself is not published in peer-reviewed journals. In 2010, a story surfaced that a seventh-grade student in Watsonville, California had discovered that every US president except Martin Van Buren is descended from King John of England. The connotation of "fringe science" is that the enterprise is rational but is unlikely to produce good results for a variety of reasons, including incomplete or contradictory evidence. In the wake of the crisis, a large number of people in Donora got cancer. Sometimes fringe sciences are accepted and become mainstream. In 2013, a study was published revealing that no physical health effects have been observed among the Japanese public because of the radiation. Fringe Science: Parallel Universes, White Tulips, and M By Halloween, 20 people had died and half the entire population of 14,000 had been left sick. Well, not all of us, but scientists speculate that early hominids ate magic mushrooms as a regular part of their diet, and by 5000 BCE Sumerians were smoking opium to experience more joy. The world is so complex that there are many truths. He proved in his Special Theory of Relativity that objects in motion actually do experience time differently than their stationary counterparts. Simply including such a statement in the lead or in a section on scientific evaluation of Bigfoot claims is potentially misleading, non-neutral, and lacking in verifiability. So far, this unconventional view has sparked great controversy. 3. Since fringe theories may be obscure topics that few non-adherents write about, there may only be a small number of sources that directly dispute them. Fringe views of those better known for other achievements or incidents should not be given undue prominence, especially when these views are incidental to their fame. We use the term fringe theory in a very broad sense to describe an idea that departs significantly from the prevailing views or mainstream views in its particular field. Spin takes the approach that the American media has been used as a tool to silence public debate on certain issues. Peer review is an important feature of reliable sources that discuss scientific, historical or other academic ideas, but it is not the same as acceptance by the scientific community. Attempts by inventors and adherents to artificially inflate the perceived renown of their fringe theories, such as sock puppetry in AfD discussions, are prohibited. While proper attribution of a perspective to a source satisfies the minimal requirements of Wikipedia's neutral point of view, there is an additional editorial responsibility for including only those quotes and perspectives which further the aim of creating a verifiable and neutral Wikipedia article. The research is interesting, but the theory is far from being accepted by the medical community. Lazcano was a highly skilled military technician and received training in jungle and urban warfare. In 1937, Jewish scholar Hugh J. Schonfield published a book that suggested the Toledot was older than originally thought and may be the Gospel of the Hebrews. The document has fallen out of popularity but remains a point of controversy in the Christian faith. Reliable sources on Wikipedia may include peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. This label does not cover theories that . In particular, the relative space that an article devotes to different aspects of a fringe theory should follow from consideration primarily of the independent sources. And maintaining a steady supply of booze required relatively intensive farming techniques that were incompatible with the nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle. "An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton.". In a narrower sense, the term fringe theory is commonly used as a pejorative; it is roughly synonymous with the term pseudo . Yet. Fringe science is any field of scientific inquiry which represents a significant departure from orthodox theories or bodies of work. These abilities supposedly then deteriorated over thousands of years. Wikipedia is meant to be a tertiary source of information, summarizing the information gleaned from secondary sources, and in some cases from primary sources. Are there any fringe conspiracy theories developed under democratic societies with a healthy freedom of press that are now widely accepted as fact? Alphabetic list of Theories - Changing minds Close attention should be paid to the treatment of those who hold fringe viewpoints, since as a rule they are the focus of controversy. If an article is written about a well-known topic about which many peer-reviewed articles are written, it should not include fringe theories that may seem relevant but are only sourced to obscure texts that lack peer review. According to McGovern, beer itself was actually the primary reason our ancestors settled down in the first place. What is more, just because a quote is accurate and verifiably attributed to a particular source does not mean that the quote must necessarily be included in an article. Particularly harsh criticism should be attributed"Philosopher A. C. Grayling dismisses intelligent design as 'a little driblet of childish ignorance; a mark of mankind's infancy'"while simple facts"humans and chimpanzees evolved from a common ancestor"are best left stated simply as facts rather than recast as opinions. write that "From a media perspective it is evident that controversial science sells, not only because of its dramatic value, but also since it is often connected to high-stake societal issues."[32]. At first, Hardouin named the Benedictines as the main culprits behind the forgeries. . According to the so-called swoon theory, Jesus had merely fainted from His injuries or drank a drug that made Him lose consciousness. To determine whether something is pseudoscientific or merely an alternative theoretical formulation, consider this: Alternative theoretical formulations generally tweak things on the frontiers of science, or deal with strong, puzzling evidencewhich is difficult to explain awayin an effort to create a model that better explains reality. Formulated by French librarian Jean Hardouin in 1693, this theory holds that a shadowy group had forged numerous ancient Greek, Roman, and Latin texts during the 13th and 14th centuries. It can be an unverified hypothesis, historical hoax, or pseudoscientific discovery. Category:Fringe science - Wikimedia Commons The theory is often referred to as the Franklin Forgery, but has found acceptance in the Arab and Palestinian media. Jamie founded Listverse due to an insatiable desire to share fascinating, obscure, and bizarre facts. Postulated by Azjen (1991)5, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a generalized theory of human behavior in the social psychology literature that can be used to study a wide range of individual behaviors. By the same token, the purpose of Wikipedia is not to offer originally synthesized prose "debunking" notable ideas which the scientific community may consider to be absurd or unworthy. In his work, Brooks-Baker suggested that every US presidential election has been won by the candidate with the most royal blood. The Shadow Hand is used for research in grasping, manipulation, neural control, brain computer interface, industrial quality control, and handling hazardous materials like explosives or radioactive substances. Here are the top ten fringe sciences and theories that could become mainstream in your lifetime: Fringe Sciences: Cybernetics Source: Alpha Coders Cybernetics is the study and re-creation of control systems (the nervous system, the brain, and mechanical-electrical communication systems). He then used the videos to create the 1995 documentary titled Spin. When discussing topics that reliable sources say are pseudoscientific or fringe theories, editors should be careful not to present the pseudoscientific fringe views alongside the scientific or academic consensus as though they are opposing but still equal views. This is definitely a baseless CONSPIRACY theory. Evolution, the Big Bang Theory and Continental Drift were at one time considered fringe science. The sourced contribution must simply aid in the verifiable and neutral presentation of the subject. It is also best to avoid hiding all disputations in an end criticism section, but instead work for integrated, easy to read, and accurate article prose.